NEUROBEHAVIORAL DISORDERS

NEUROBEHAVIORAL DISORDERS

Preliminary

• History of the functions of the brain, it is said can not begin by studying the brain itself, but it does not directly initiated from other organs, especially the heart
• The ancient Egyptians believed mental life - mental located in the heart and the diaphragm

Some Basics

• Behavior

• Behavior Neurology

• Neuropsychology

• Biology Psychiatry

• Neuropsychiatry

Behavior

• Addition of action and psychomotor reaction can be

  objectively observed and interpreted and affect the

  environment subject

• Behavior can be divided into :

   1. Goal directed behavior

   2. Specific oriented behavior

Behavior Neurology

• Studies on the effect of disease on human behavior and brain

  function-cal korti virtuous

• Behavior in this context can be :

1. Specific behavior: language, memory, and ability Kalku-Formulation visuospasial
2. Complex behavior: the quality of intelligence, emotions alive and personality

 Neuropsychology

Branch of psychology that deals with the brain disease essemen using standard psychological tests.

Biological Psychiatry

The study of the physical or organic abnormality underlying psychiatric illness such as depression, schizophrenia, which is not found / can not be proven primary abnormalities in the brain

Neuropsychiatry

There is no consensus standard for neuropsychiatric limits, but in general a combination of the concept and practice of psychiatry and neurology

Brain, Behavior and World

• Complaints field neurobehavior; complaint do not resemble the classic neurology, neurological complaints which often is marked with a localization that can dipre-diction
•  In the complaint it is not possible exactly neurobehavior we can Mene-canoes complaint dressing apraxia; whether there would 'center dressed in the brain?

Opinions JAM Frederik, 1985; about complaints neurobevior from:

1. Age of patients

2. sex

3. spot lesions

4. Side, brain dominance

5. lesion size

6. The nature and behavior of the lesion

7. number of lesions

8. Multiple-stage lesions

9. congenital anomalies

10. Personality, education, ketrampian, culture, linguistics,

      religion, status consciousness, motivation and so on.

Cognitive

• Cognitive is a process by which all sensory input (tactile, visual

   and auditory) will be modified, processed, stored, and then used

   to interneurons relationship perfectly so that individuals are able 

   to do reasoning on the sensory input.

• Cognition

1. Includes all mental processes associated with completing berfikirArcienegas & Beresford, 2001
2. essential process in which something can be recognized, as like perception, attention, memory, recognition, language, imagination, reason, planning, and decision-making
3. is a process which gives meaning to sensory input, and procedures regarding an event, make generalizations, analogies, explanations and meanings develop communication

• On mental status examination been designed in such a way 

  and Arcienegas & Beresford differentiate into:

1. Basic cognition [Element simple]: attention, language, memory, praxis, recognition (gnosis)
2. Complex cognition - Higher Cortical Function

• Frank Benson, 1994, said: "Cognition is the process by with 

   information is manipulated in the brain '

• And he divided the mental control become two parts:

1. Basic Mental Control: alertness, attention and mental tone
2. Higher Mental Control: executive function, 'social Intellegence' and motivation

• Cognitive Modality:

1. memory
2. language
3. praxis
4. Visuospasial
5. Attention and Concentration
6. calculation
7. Executive functions: reasoning, decision-making [Insight & Judment], abstract thinking

Neurobehavior Disorders

• Disturbance neurobehavior = Impaired mental status, 

  consisting of :

1. Non-cognitive function disorders (symptoms behavioral changes), and
2. Impaired cognitive function, which consists of the modali-bag:

• Malfunctioning of attention and concentration

• Impaired function of language

• Impaired memory function

• Malfunctioning visuospasial

• Disturbance praxis

• Noise calculations

• Impaired executive function

Non-Cognitive Function Disorders: Behavior Change

• Dysfunction of the brain, such as frontal lobe syndrome provides psychiatric symptoms mempeng-aruhi mood and emotional status
• Some specific symptoms of neurobehavior (se-like Acute confusional State, frontal lobe syndrome, syndrome neglek) exhibit behavioral disorders such as behavioral disorders functional

Impaired Cognitive Function :

A. Disorders Attention & Concentration

• Impaired attention and concentration affects cognitive function is more like memory, language and executive function
• Impaired attention can be two different clinical conditions :

1. Inability to sustain attention or divided attention or no attention at all
2. Inatensi unilateral specific to stimuli on the side of the body contralateral brain lesion

B. Language Disorders

• Impaired language (aphasia) often terrlihat on focal or diffuse brain lesions, a symptom patogomonik sehimgga brain dysfunction.
• Important: recognize disorders. language for a specific relationship between aphasia syndrome with neuroanatomical lesions

1. Dysarthria: articulation disorder in which the ability is still intact basic language (The ability to base language: grammar, of understanding, naming and repetition).
2. Disprosodi: no melody, and rhythm of speech
3. Oral apraxia / bucofascial: inability to perform skilled movements and facial muscles to speak (not due to paralysis of speech muscles) with the ability to talk intact
4. Aphasia: language disorders; bias is used to discuss disorders that occur after the disorder / brain damage
5. Aleksia: loss of reading ability in patients who were previously able to read
6. Agrafia: writing disorder, with language errors.

C. Memory Disorders

• Impaired memory is the most common symptom patients complain
• Amnesia is generally a function of the memory defect.

1. Anterograde amnesia: inability to learn new material after a brain insult
2. Retrograde amnesia: amnesia refers to events before brain insult

D. Visuospasial Disorders:

• Impaired constructional abilities such as drawing or emulate a variety of images (eg, circle, cube) and the block beam
• All lobes play a role in the ability of construction but the parietal lobe especially right hemisphere has a predominant role

E. Praxis Disorders

• Loss of the ability to perform skilled motor activities aimed notwithstanding the absence of motor dysfunction as a result of motor impairment, or
• Disorders of the learned movements are not caused by weakness, sensory loss, inatensi, or failure to understand the movement of the requested
• Two main types of apraxia are recognized :

1. Ideational apraxia, in which patients fail to properly demonstrate the sequence of events multicomponent like folding a letter, insert it into an envelope and seal the envelope,
2. Ideomotor apraxia, in which patients fail to execute the commanded motion, which can be done spontaneously, such as waving, hammering, sewing

F. Interference Calculations

• The calculation is complex neuropsychological functions, covering components:

1. Tables rotti: addition, subtraction, multiplication
2. The concept of basic arithmetic: carrying and borrowing
3. Identification sign: +. -, X,:, number and symbols
4. Placement of place / space to write the correct count

• There are three main types akalkulia :

1. Akalkulia discuss the same with the disorder, including parafasia numbers, agrafia numbers, or numbers aleksia
2. Alkalkulia visuospasial dysfunction secondary to the lack of sequence numbers and columns, and
3. Alkakulia primary anaritmetria disrupt the computing process

G. Impaired Executive Function

• Is impaired cognitive abilities tall, such as the way of thinking and the ability to solve his problem.
• Ability execution played by the frontal lobe, but clinical experience showed that all circuits are hooked up early with frontal lobe can cause right frontal lobe syndrome